Spinoza and the Possibility of Adequate Ideas

Adequate ideas are the fundamental element of Spinoza’s epistemological program. However, a recurrent worry among scholars is that account adequate inconsistent with any finite being ever having one. As I frame it, problem for Spinoza an idea in mind only if all its causal antecedents lie within as well. it seems there can be no which this true; minds come to and exist deterministic nexus, every will ultimately stretch far beyond it. call External Cause Objection. argue appreciated explicitly answered concern. According reply, do not have causes external because they fall into category what calls “singular things.” In addition showing coheres his more specific claims about firm belief parts nature, resolution sheds light on understanding absolute agency.